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If your asked the question what is the different between the neanderthal and human, that when the concept of evolution mean nothing at all. Neanderthal are intelligent being who made tools and likely to have some language, but they died out 28,000 year ago. In fact it is changes induced by the environment or in short mother nature without making any changes to the genome itself, that decide which part of the genome are read or not read,although neanderthal 's genome is 99.7% identical to human,so is an chimpanzee which is 98.8% identical to human genome, yet expect for human, they lived in secluded surrounding in earth,
So why is human making big progress and what make us human in category? Maybe the "culture" of the species instead of evolution will matter cos the genome map pass down in the same species already proved that there is no difference between human or animal, yet only human are able to build civilization that we all know !